Environmental applications of immobilized and bio-resourced redox mediators: A Review

Redox mediators (RMs), also known as electron shuttles, have been widely reported to promote both biotic and abiotic reductions of oxidized pollutants in water, soil, biogeochemical cycles, wastewater treatment systems. However, the continuous addition dissolved RMs is unaffordable potential environmental risks remain unknown because most applied are synthetic chemicals. Immobilization technology enables be attached on non-dissolved supports, avoiding wash-out from This realizes reuse scaled-up engineering applications in-situ remediation. Moreover, renewable natural biomass their derivatives, such biochar, aroused increased interest they provide an economical feasible way solve shortcomings applying soluble RMs. review presents different RM immobilization methods, which include entrapment, adsorption, surface modification, well use bio-resourced The procedures reaction mechanisms immobilized critically compared summarized.